Thinking in Early Adulthood-Post formal Stage

From the outlook of formative brain research, there have been a few distinct arrangements of hypotheses with respect to the way toward intuition in early adulthood. While most of sources hold accord that the advancement of manners of thinking inside people is finished in puberty, there are additionally hypotheses that a phase of intellectual improvement lies past the customary way of thinking to incorporate what is regularly alluded to as a post formal stage, which, basically, includes the human psyche handling thought past rationale and having the option to fundamentally break down, assess different choices, and pick an alternative dependent on investigation (Arack).In this article, the topic of whether the post formal stage exists will be replied. To start, an incongruity happened to the specialist in the thought of the response to this inquiry itself, and that incongruity is the way that so as to have the option to respond to the inquiry, the capacity to examine different snippets of data on their legitimacy and build up a supposition/answer to this inquiry appears to show the presence of post formal stages in itself.If everything past pre-adulthood was followed up on dependent on what was framed in the psyche up to the hour of youth, it is dubious that this exposition would have a lot of substance by any stretch of the imagination. Going past the hypothetical, in any case, the scientist will presently legitimize the declaration that post formal exists. The very embodiment of the human experience shows that post formal is something that assumes an indispensable job in human turn of events, from birth to adulthood and into old age.This is prove by the way that numerous individuals end up changing their sentiments on a for all intents and purposes unending number of subjects and circumstances as their background increments, ostensibly crushing that we are on a kind of mental auto-pilot once adulthood draws near and that the psyche by then is just a clearinghou se for musings, with no capacity to change thought processes.Another key thought and proof of post formal presence are the numerous instances of individuals who learn aptitudes and seek after extra training late throughout everyday life, which would be unimaginable if the brain couldn't grasp new thoughts and data, alluded to by the individuals who are promoters of the presence of post formal as â€Å"shifting gears† (Arack). All things being equal, both from the points of view of model and scholastic exploration, there is adequate proof to help the presence of post formal stages. While a considerable lot of the complexities of the human psyche may never be comprehended, this is by all accounts something that can be dispassionately demonstrated.

Law of Business Organization Capital Maintenance Doctrine

Question: Talk about the Law of Business Organizationfor Capital Maintenance Doctrine. Answer: The Capital Maintenance Doctrine The capital upkeep teaching means that a constrained organization is required to keep its capital hold flawless to the greatest advantage of the banks of the organization. The leasers add to the capital save of the organization and their commitment shows the way that they are qualified for the reimbursement of that capital. The decrease in the organization capital can lessen the obligation of the individuals and in this way, the situation of the loan bosses is in danger. The holding of the capital by the organization goes about as an assurance that the loan bosses will not be partial. The birthplace of the principle can be followed back in the nineteenth century. The precept was inserted in England and has been ordered through the Companies Act 1985 that has been adjusted in the Company Act 2006. The Australian enactment has numerous similitudes with the lawful system of a few countries, for example, The United States and The United Kingdom. The capital support regulation was received in the Australian Corporate law in the wake of being affected by the all inclusive utilization of the standard in the enactment of abroad countries. The principle was set up in the milestone instance of Trevor v. Whitworth where the organization purchased its own offers and at the hour of liquidation of the organization, one of its investors moved toward the court for the sum he owed to the organization. The court set up the standard that the investor must be paid and that an organization isn't allowed to purchase its own offers. It was additionally held in the Aveling Barfords case that when an organization wraps up, the investors of an organization ought to be paid after the installment of the lenders. The capital upkeep rules specifies: capital decrease; monetary help; share purchase backs; profits. The Company Act 2006 states that an organization making circulations out of its capital stores is unlawful. The capital support rules have been joined in the Corporations Act 2001 under segment 256 A that empowers an organization to decrease its offer capital and repurchase the offers to the greatest advantage of the loan bosses and the investors of the organization. The Act specifies that an organization must address any dangers engaged with its exchanges and reveal before the loan bosses all important data to hold a reasonable harmony between the organization and its investors. The legal arrangements identifying with the precept have been changed in the year 1980 in the UK to meet the advanced business necessities. The arrangements were loose to the degree that the organization was allowed to repurchase or recover its own offers. In 1998, Australia, the Corporation Act 2001 loosened up the capital support controls under area 256 B where the organization was permitted to lessen its capital with due approval of law. Segment 257 An empowers the court to repurchase its own offers after the endorsement of the investor and guaranteeing that the organization can make installments to its loan bosses. Be that as it may, the capital support rules have been exposed to reactions as it includes tedious procedures and is costly. The capital support system requires further adjustments to give progressively powerful loan boss insurance.

How to Best Manage Your Income Taxes

How to Best Manage Your Income Taxes The famous saying “In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes” is often attributed to Benjamin Franklin. Whether or not Franklin was the first to say this famous quote, the quote itself is quite good in putting forward the feeling people have towards tax. © Shutterstock.com | Africa StudioWhile most don’t jump out of joy when income tax filing approaches, it is nevertheless an important part of one’s finances. But how to best manage your income taxes? In this guide, you can 1) learn about income tax, 2) the benefits of managing your taxes and 3) tips for ensuring you are doing the right things when it comes to income tax.WHAT IS INCOME TAX?Income tax is one of the most known taxes around the world. It is a tax governments impose on financial income the entity generated within the government’s jurisdiction. Income tax is imposed on both business entities as well as individuals. The income tax of companies or corporations is often referred to as companies tax or corporate tax.The tax is payable on the gains from a specific period set by the governing jurisdiction. In most instances, the period is the country’s financial year, but corporations especially might pay income tax for a shorter period as well. There are also other dif ferences in the procedures and you can find more about these in the sections below.A business entity or the individual might in some instances be eligible to receive a tax refund. On the other hand, if the entity has filed an income tax return, which doesn’t fully cover the required amount, they might need to pay extra at the end of the tax period.There are different methods countries use when it comes to deciding income tax rates. In the majority of cases income tax for individuals follows a progressive tax scale. This means that those who earn more often pay more in proportion to those earning less. Most countries use income tax to fund basic government functions such as healthcare, education and infrastructure.When it comes to the history of income tax, it is interesting to note the concept is relatively new one. Although different taxes have been part of the human history since the earliest of times, tax on income has been a relatively new invention.For instance, in the US the first income tax was imposed during the War of 1812, as a method of repaying the debt incurred through war-related expenses. When the war ended, the tax was repelled, but income tax became a permanent fiscal tool in the early 20th century.You can find out more about the history of income tax in the US from the video below: Differences in income tax around the worldThe income tax systems around the world can vary somewhat, but there are certain similarities as well. Here’s a quick look at the similarities and differences around the world.There are some differences and countries have dealt with issues on double taxation with different tax treaties.This means most people are subject to income tax from earnings they receive from all over the world in a single jurisdiction. Thus, a resident in the UK would need to pay income tax on all earnings, whether or not the payments were made in the UK.One exception to the rule is Hong Kong and Singapore. These regions only tax residents on the income earned in or remitted to the country.Furthermore, the income that is taxed typically refers to payments that enrich the taxpayer. Naturally the most common is payments from offering ones labour either through services or goods. In addition, most countries also include payments such as gain from a sale of property, interests, pensions, dividends, annuities, and such as income.There are also country differences as to how income tax is paid. In many systems, the tax is automatically withheld from payments, such as salary, and the taxpayer can later file tax return and receive tax refund, if too much money was withheld or on the other hand, the person might be required to pay more. But other countries require the person to make a tax return at the end of the tax period and make the payment accordingly.Perhaps the biggest differences between countries are in terms of income tax rates. Most countries use a progressive rate for individual income tax, whereas business income tax is often set to a single rate.If you are not interested in paying income tax, you should know there are a few countries in the world with a zero income tax rate. Among the countries that don’t impose an income tax are:BermudaMonacoThe BahamasAndorraThe United Arab EmiratesTHE BENEFITS OF MANAGING INCOME TAXESFiling income taxes is not the top activity for most people. There are huge differences in the procedure, yet the process always requires quite a bit of work.Therefore, it is crucial you’ll find the best ways to manage your income taxes. In fact, there are some big benefits to managing the payments and the process appropriately. Before we look at how to best manage your income taxes, here are some key benefits you’ll be able to enjoy if you do so.Cut the stressFirst, you can cut quite a bit of stress from your life if you manage your income taxes. The truth is much of the income tax stress people experience is self-created. For instance, in the US, nearly 50 million people fi le their income tax returns on the final two weeks before the deadline. This means around one-third of the individual income tax returns are filed in the final minutes â€" clearly something to get anyone’s stress levels rising.Part of the reasons why people tend to procrastinate is down to insufficient understanding of income tax. That is why a proper management of your accounts will immediately help your tax filing and therefore, reduce stress.Avoid penalties or wrong paymentsAnother reason to manage your income tax returns is purely to cut down the risk of having to pay penalties or to have to pay more later. If you prepare your taxes on time and spend enough time understanding what you need to pay, you’re less likely to make a mistake and suffer from it.According to figures from the UK tax authority, nearly 730,000 million people from the total 10.34 million who had to file for self-assessment of income tax filed them late. This resulted in £73 million worth of payment penal ties. While this is good for the taxman, it definitely isn’t something you want to aspire to.If you have to file your income tax in a rush or if you don’t have appropriate knowledge of the tax system, you’ll most likely end up making a few mistakes. While these might not amount to anything serious, you still don’t want to be paying for any more than you need to.Boost your income, pay less taxFinally, perhaps to biggest benefits of managing your income tax is all about financial gain. As mentioned above, if you don’t plan for your taxes properly and you make them on the last minute, you don’t just suffer from stress, you might also end up having to pay for mistakes or late payments.But even if you file your tax return on time, you might miss out on certain benefits available to you, if you don’t pay a lot of attention to your tax. Most systems in the world have different benefits and quirks you might be able to enjoy, but because knowing about these requires some resear ch, many don’t get to benefit from them.For example, in the US, nearly 70% of taxpayers only file for the most commonly known tax returns. Part of this is down to improper understanding of what you can deduct and claim from your income tax, and part of it is down to avoiding more hassle.But if you properly manage your income tax, you can end up paying less income tax and have a more hassle-free tax filing experience. Filing taxes doesn’t need to be difficult and the following section will help you manage your income taxes in a straightforward manner.KEY STEPS TO TAKENow that you understand what income tax entails and the benefits of managing your payments, it is time to look at the key steps for proper tax management. Looking after your finances doesn’t need to be difficult and time-consuming, but it will require a bit of planning.Here are the key steps you need to take in order to best manage your income tax.Know the crucial tax dates and prepare for themFirst, it is importan t to understand when your income tax filings are due. You don’t want to be rushing through the filing process on the final minute and learning the tax dates can help you start planning.Remember there are different dates you often need to keep in mind. It is important to make note of all of them and further analyze which are essential for you during a given tax year. Although the actual dates will vary from country to country, the following are a list of the key tax deadlines you should check with your tax authority:The tax period â€" make sure you note the taxation period from start to finish to ensure you calculate the tax correctly.Deadline for filing income tax â€" keep in mind you might have different deadline for online and offline submissions.Deadline for filing tax returns.Deadline for filing different parts of income tax â€" in some countries different aspects of the income tax, such as dividends, might need to be filed separately.Deadline to seek extension.Deadline for pa ying incomes tax â€" again, you might have a different deadline for online and offline payments.Deadline for paying extra income tax.Deadline for paying payments/corrections.Other payment deadlines such as pension payments, health or social security payments.All of the tax deadlines can be found on your tax jurisdiction’s website. Many countries’ tax authorities also produce a handy calendar with the key deadlines. This can be a great basis for your income tax plan.Once you are aware of the dates, you need to set yourself notifications to ensure you file your taxes on time. Set up an alarm for six months before a deadline, three months before the deadline, two and one month before the deadline and then one a week before to ensure you don’t miss the date.Start filing income tax related items and stay organizedYou also want to dedicate a folder or a drawer to income tax related paperwork. This ensures you don’t need to spend the final week looking after your statements. The mo re organized you are in storing your files, the less pain you’ll have during the filing process.Print out a copy of your income tax files, even if you file them online, and the files for tax deductions. Check what sort of information is needed and make sure you gather all of these papers into your special tax folders.Every time you receive a receipt or a statement that can be useful for your income tax filing, add it to your folder. This way, you don’t need to run around the house during the tax process.Understand what you need to payYou’ll also need to educate yourself in regards of income tax, albeit it being quite a boring subject. The more you know about the income tax, the more straightforward and easy the process will be.It is a good idea to get a copy of the jurisdiction’s income tax rules and check what sort of tax you are supposed to pay. If you find it hard to read the text and to make any sense of it, you might want to consider attending an income tax workshop.If you are a small business owner, your local small business group might run free workshops in regards of income tax. Sometimes these might even be available for individuals. Furthermore, it is often worth the money to consider visiting an accountant for advice at least once to ensure you have a good grasp of the system.Understand the deductions availableThere are plenty of tax deductions available for individuals and corporations when it comes to income tax. Unfortunately, many entities don’t take full advantage of these legal tax deductions.As well as understanding all the things you are required to pay under the income tax, you’ll also want to stay on top of the tax deductions. These can cut down your income tax bill by quite a bit.Most people know tax deductions are available for things such as business use of a car, purchases that directly affect your ability to do business and so on. But you can often deduct taxes on things such as hobbies, house cleaning and even home renova tions. Make sure you check your income tax rules carefully.Available tax deductions can also be found on the jurisdiction’s website. Furthermore, just as above, you might want to consider checking your individual tax situation with a professional accountant or tax advisor.Check for tips on how to cut your tax billAs well as using a tax advisor, the Internet is a great place to find out more tips. You can find great tips for cutting your tax bill and ensuring you don’t pay too much nor too little.CONSIDER USING INCOME TAX MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE FOR HELPAs well as talking with an income tax advisor, the Internet also offers great software options for filing taxes. There are different programs to make the process easier and software that can count your final tax for you based on the figures you provide!There are both paid and free software available. If you are considering paying for software, it is a good idea to check around and ask comments from other users to find the right produc t for you. Certain software might not have availability for different tax jurisdictions, so make sure you check the compatibility with your country before spending any money.The below are some of the recommended tax management software available:TaxACT DeluxeHR Block DeluxeIntuit TurboTax DeluxeTaxSlayer ClassicMake sure you also check whether the software is legitimate and supported by your tax jurisdictions. You don’t want to rely on software purely, so make sure you always check your income tax manually as well.Don’t panic if bad things happenAre you reading this guide on the final day of your income tax filing? If so, don’t panic. Minor mistakes and late filing don’t need to mean the end of the world.If you find yourself late for filing tax payments, check whether you can still apply for an extension. Furthermore, if you find your tax bill to be too much, you can often apply for an installment agreement, which will allow you to pay your taxes in two or more separate paym ents.The country’s tax authority will have a helpline you can call in case you have questions. Above all, it is always better to contact your tax jurisdiction immediately instead of trying to figure out something yourself.Finally, try to always learn something from your past mistakes. If your tax filing still took a lot of your time last year, think what could help the next year. Could you store your income tax files differently or perhaps it is time to consider professional accounting program or an actual accountant for help?Proper income tax management ensures you pay the right amount â€" not too much but also not too little to get in trouble â€" and it also ensures you with a more peace of mind. When you plan for your taxes well and take advantage of the help around you, income taxes won’t be a thing to be afraid of anymore.

Conflict Is Not Always A Bad Thing - 1865 Words

In life, there is the inevitability that as you progress through your day, you may find yourself in some type of conflict with another person because without conflict, there would be no definitive change in the world. More specifically you will find yourself in an interpersonal conflict, where you will be in a disagreement with another person on a way to satisfy either one of your needs or goals. Both people are also interdependent on each other during this exchange since one person’s words or actions affect the other person. Conflict is not always a bad thing, though, as we are all individual people that have our own unique take on the world around us. Through our clashes with each other, we can learn more about another person, reinforce ideas within our relationship, and be directed to areas of the relationship that may need to be worked on by one or both partners. Though in today’s modern world of texting, e-mail, Facebook, Twitter, the Internet, etc., people tend to hide behind their self-lit screens when dealing with conflict they have with a person. Those communication-lean channels cannot help you resolve this conflict fully, since being in the same room with that person can tell you more about the meaning of their words to you. By using your interpersonal perception skills, you can interpret their body language and if it reinforces the â€Å"truth† of their words to you regarding the conflict. You can also use active perception by asking them questions to help resolveShow MoreRelatedConflict Resolution : Conflicts Resolution988 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to conflict resolution there are several ways to handle this. There’ve been several times that I’ve had to deal with conflict resolution. Conflict resolution also has several tips that you can learn to be able to handle a conflict. 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Essay on Reflection Education and Culturally Diverse...

Running head: Reflection Application: Reflective Essay Pamela Harvey Walden University EDUC-6650H-1 Enhancing Learning through Linguistic and Cultural Diversity Dr. Marylou Dantonio June 22, 2011 Reflection Reflective Essay This course has really enlightened my view of being able to learn the value of linguistic and cultural diversity and the influential learning opportunities it gives today’s classrooms and schools. We as teacher educators were allowed to examine our attitudes, beliefs, and preferences regarding linguistically and culturally diverse students, families, and communities and learn methods for working together to confirm high levels of learning for all students. Also, strategies for guaranteeing†¦show more content†¦Also, act as guides, mediators, consultants, instructors, and advocates for my students, as well as helping them to effectively connect their culturally- and community-based knowledge to the classroom learning experiences. In what ways will the content of this course help you in your quest to make your school and classroom more meaningful and effective for all students? One way in which the content of this course that will help in my quest to make my school and classroom more meaningful and effective for all students are reshaping the curriculum. According to Nieto, Schools must take a serious look at their curriculum, pedagogy, retention and tracking policies, testing, hiring practices, and all the other policies and practices that create a school climate that is either empowering or disempowering for those who work and learn there(Nieto,1996). The curriculum should be integrated, interdisciplinary, meaningful, and student-centered. Also, it should include issues and topics related to the students background and culture. Moreover, it should challenge the students to develop higher-order knowledge and skills. In summary, this course has really educated my view of being a teacher as well as being able to interact with today’s diverse and fluctuating educational setting. Therefore, the discussions were very good ways in understanding howShow MoreRelatedDiversity And Cultural Issues Of Tesol Education1545 Words   |  7 PagesEDUC600 I001 Fall 15 Final Reflection Journal: Diversity and Cultural Issues in TESOL Education During the course entitled Diversity and Cultural Issues in TESOL Education, issues of diversity and culture, as well as methods, strategies, and approaches for engaging English language learners were examined. Students all over the world learn English for a variety of reasons. Some students must study English as a requirement. Other students may wish to travel, study abroad, or work in the global marketplaceRead MoreWhat I Learned At The Classroom Environment Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesMeeting the needs of diverse learners has not been a simple task. 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According to ColemanRead MoreEssay on Diversity and Multicultural Education in the Classroom1561 Words   |  7 Pagescelebrate the learning and cultural differences of each of their students. As communities and schools continue to grow in diversity, teachers are searching for effective educational programs to accommodate the various learning styles of each student while promoting acceptance of cultural differences throughout the classroom. It no longer suffices to plan educational experiences only for middle-or upper class white learners and then expect students of other social classes and cultures to change perspectives

The Misfit, a Character beyond Redemption Free Essays

The Misfit, a Character beyond Redemption†() In Flannery O’ Connor’s short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† the Misfit is a character who is interpreted as the epitome of evil. He had just escaped the federal penitentiary, and, according to the Misfit, he was incarcerated for allegedly killing his own father. He encounters a family who has been involved in an accident. We will write a custom essay sample on The Misfit, a Character beyond Redemption or any similar topic only for you Order Now The play culminates with the Misfit shooting and brutally murdering the grandmother after she reaches out to him. Despite the conversation they both had about Christianity and the kindness and sympathy the grandmother showed the Misfit, he chooses to kill her; consequently, a character beyond redemption by choosing his will to do evil after all. Throughout the play, the Misfit portrays himself as a victim since he was sent to prison and punished for something he doesn’t comprehend. He explains that the doctor in prison told him what he had done was murdered his own father but he doesn’t believe it. By the way he speaks about his parents, calling them â€Å"finest people in the world,† and saying that God never made a finer woman than his mother and that his father had a heart pure of gold (O’Connor 399), it makes the reader doubtful to believe if he committed the crime or not, even though there is evidence of his actions; â€Å"However, some psychopaths would do anything to convince themselves that they did not commit a crime† (Aaron 1), but towards the end of the play one can find it harder to believe that the Misfit is actually innocent, regardless of whether he killed his own 2. ather. The most evident example for The Misfit’s guilt is how easily he ordered his accomplices to murder the family that it makes it look as if committing crimes is nothing unusual for him (Aaron 1). Furthermore, the Misfit is a character who symbolizes evil. During the play, one can deduce that he is a liberal character who is not conscious of his actions and doesnâ€⠄¢t see anything wrong in them. His way of not feeling any guilt of his actions, is to forget, this way any crime he commits won’t make him feel remorseful about it; for that same reason, when punished, he sees it unreasonable because he doesn’t believe that any crime deserves punishment, it is unjust and unfair and it just simply makes him feel miserable (Shmoop 1). The Misfit might know he did something wrong, but he doesn’t remember what it was, or better yet, he just doesn’t want to remember. This leads us to believe that he simply is a psychopath who enjoys killing because it is the only thing in his life that gives him any pleasure (Shmoop 1). He certainly doesn’t seem to accept what he was accused off and feel as if his actions didn’t deserved the punishment he received, â€Å"I never was a bad boy that I remember of, but somewhere along the line I done something wrong and got sent to the penitentiary. I was buried alive† (O’Connor 401). O’Connor uses the Misfit as a character beyond redemption. We all know he was not a good person; it is seen by how he rationalizes his actions, even the murder of innocent children. As human beings we are the only ones responsible for our choices and actions and have free will to do anything we desire. We are capable of doing good, but we are just as capable of doing evil. How to cite The Misfit, a Character beyond Redemption, Papers

Essay Corporate Law

Question: Write an essay on the corporate law. Answer: Introduction Corporate law is actually a company oriented law which mainly highlights different level of study for the companys shareholders, directors, creditors, stakeholders and even the customers. Various communities as well as environment are often in communication with each over different perspective. Corporate law could be stated as a vital part of company oriented law. Corporate governance mainly includes the different processes, and relations utilising which the companies do set their objectives and aims to achieve those in relation to the current business scenario (Bainbridge, 2015). The method of articulating corporate governance includes the process of monitoring the various actions taken by the company, their policies and company oriented practices which might throw impact over the stakeholders. An important theme of corporate governance is the nature and extent of corporate accountability. Different companies which are estimated to practice the corporate governance mainly looks forw ard to bring in economic efficiency by establishing strong prominence over the welfare of shareholders. Expectations of the corporate governance council The ASX corporate governance council was estimated to get formed in the year 2002 and in the month of 15th august. This council was noticed to bring together about 21 groups of company which already possessed a incongruent form of business background and aimed at carrying out different aims and priorities which are further being accompanies by the different forms of constituencies. Instead of functioning over different perspective the ASX corporate governance council was estimated to possess a lot of expectations. The council had an expectation to develop as well as deliver the huge industrialized form of supported framework to different other companies so that they could function efficiently in the business market (Dowling et al 2014). They had an expectation to provide certain level of practical guidance to different new companies which has just made their entrance in the business field. Other expectations of the council is also estimated as to provide more amount of flexibility to a variety of business structures and performance of all the working employees of the organisations and companies to which certain level of flexibility has been offered would be able to make certain level of optimization over individual performances who are working in the organisation. The corporate governance council expects to make certain promotions, adoption, as well as efficiently implement the varied guidelines so that business organisation would be able to carry out their business efficiently and business relationship could be enhanced by carrying out certain forms of fiduciary responsibilities in order to keep the long term investment interest order safe. Interest upon which the Board of directors act The board of directors are mainly estimated to act according the specified companies interest and suggest companies to take up steps for making changes over its existing systems and cultures so that the productivity of the organisation would be increased and the company would be able to meet their business objectives to achieve long term success in their business. When according the companies interest the boards of directors are suggested to follow the principles designed by the organisation so that they could perform legally in the business market (Feld, 2013). When the board of directors are estimated t act according the companies they should get familiar with the companies objectives and restructure the business in order to make the company or the business organisation attain competitive success. Various role of the board of directors The boards of directors are estimated to possess a variety of responsibilities like: The boards of directors have been held responsible in order to govern as well as administer the organisation perfectly so that the company might not experience any kinds of business risks while operating the market. In governing the organisation has to set up certain policies and objectives which would help in meeting the vital goals of the companies (Gorga et al 2014). The boards of directors are also highly responsible in selecting, appointing and supplying efficient support over the various functions that is being carried out by the chief executive of the organisation. The boards of directors are highly responsible to make sure about the efficient flow of perfect amount of financial resources so that organisations are able to carry out their responsibilities efficiently (Howson, 2013). The board of directors has been made totally responsible for making certain level of approvement over their annual budgets so that the organisation or the company would be able to understand the amount of cost per month in manufacturing products Also the boards of directors are responsible in carrying out perfect accounting procedure so that the performance level of the organisation could be enhanced. Last but not the least the boards of directors are totally held responsible in setting the salary structure and compensation level for the working employees so that the management of the organisation could run efficiently (Idowu 2013). An introduction to independent director with example An independent director of a company could also be stated s a outside director of the company who is mainly estimated to possess a pecuniary form of relationship with the other board of directors of the company and are responsible to carry out different activities within the business organisation. The independent directors are not found to create any kind of share over the companys financial structures (Johnson, 2013). For example a general electric corporation company is mainly found to provide certain level of definition over certain form of material relationship in which the transaction between the GE and the companies directors are estimated to be equal to 1 percent in comparison to the total revenue and the GE who is also the independent director of the company would be able to get himself linked with the charity making an annul receipt. Legal strategies are available under Australian law to manage the independence of a boards decision making Different legal strategies are noticed to be available under the Australian law basically for the purpose of managing the high level of independence based on the boards decision making. If the organisation is noticed to have been highly incorporated under the corporation act 2001the company is entitled to carry out certain vital responsibilities and duties by the companys board of directors. The companys internal management is extremely important to have been governed by the provisions of the corporate act 2001which insist the companies to replace their existing rules making use of the constitution rules or even by making perfect combination of both (Klausner 2013). Under this legislative strategy of the corporation act of 2001 certain level of care as well as diligence is being supplied to the managers and other officers of the company so that they could get a chance to exercise control over different other staffs of the company. Through the corporation act its is basically noticed that companies experience certain level of flexibility in the process of information gathering so that they could make use of such information while launching a new product or service for the companies customers. Highlighting the importance of board position for the independent directors . Board position is very much vital for the independent board of directors so that they could carry out different activities within the organisation and govern the activities of different other people within the organisation. If the independent boards of directors are supplied with a perfect form of board position like in the position of chairman the independent directors would be able to act o behalf of the different shareholders linked with the functioning of the organisation so that they could make use of different business affairs that would create development in business. In gaining a board position the independent directors would be able to organise a general meeting so that the company would make future plans that would be helpful in making the organisation successful in their business (Phillips, et al 2013). When the independent directors would be supplied with a perfect form of board position they would hold a power to guide as well as increase the current operation structur e of the organisation so that they could establish future development. When the independent directors would be supplied with the board position it becomes easier for them to make promotion of their company to become successful in the competitive business field. Also when the independent directors are entitled to the board position they become capable in monitoring the shareholders relationship by establishing effective relationship with the stakeholders, and at the same time the independent directors would also become liable gather as well as make assessment over the information. When the independent boards of directors are supplied with a position in the board at the post of chairman they become capable in promoting the goodwill as well as support the relationship of the organisation with the shareholders and stakeholders. Better corporate governance versus better corporate performance A corporate governance practice is much important than the corporate performance because through the corporate governance system the board of directors of the organisation are able to make changes within the whole structure of the organisation. Through the involvement of corporate governance system an organisation is able to review and make perfect level of evaluation on the future and present opportunities so that the organisation would become capable in handling different form of risky situation, on the other perspective the corporate performance is not that much vital for the organisation because it might shape the behavior of one or few individuals but this system would not be efficient for all people working in the organisation. At times through the process of corporate performance it is noticed that people working in the organisation experience certain level of barrier while communicating with one another (Quinn 2013). When practicing corporate governance the organisations are able to make recommendations over the different strategic options but while focusing on facts that might enhance corporate governance organisations does not experience heights of success in their business. Through practise of corporate governance the organisations are able to make certain level of determination over the business strategies and plans so that they could further make use of the corporate strategy. On the other hand by highlighting corporate performance it is noticed that changes in organisational structure could be implemented so easily and they have to make choice over different corporate strategies which might be a very difficult task. But one of the most vital importances of corporate performance is that through corporate governance the organisations gain the capability in overcoming risks and threatening situations. Making illustration over the disclosure requirement in ASX Listing Rule 4.10.3? Under this disclosure requirement it is extremely vital for the ASX to make reduction over the entity that has been recommended over the set and functioning principle of ASX as stated under the ASX corporate governance council. In case the entity has been identified to not follow certain recommendations it is very much vital for the industry to make a separate form of identity for the purpose of not following the recommendations and input alternate form of government practices (Strine 2014). Under the listing rule the corporate governance practise should include the different form of statements with a current date and also including an entity balance date or even would include a later data that would be highlighted by the entity. It should also include a date that would be entitled by the entity of trust. Relevance of the Principle 2 and recommendations of the ASXs Corporate Governance Councils As per the principle 2 of the ASX corporate governance council it is important to establish a high performing as well as proper form of governance entity. According to this principle it would be important to possess an appropriate number of the independence level for the board of directors. And also for the non executive directors who would be capable of accepting the challenge that would further be helpful in highlighting the organisations capability of carrying out different forms of activities. According the principle 2 it has been stated that perfect level of interest of the listed entity the security holders of the organisations are highly responsible. As per the existing relation between the principle 2 and the recommendations stated by the ASX corporate governance it is extremely vital for the listed entity to have a perfect level of nomination committee within which there has to be at least three members among which the majority members are estimated to be independent directo rs, should also possess a chairman and a charter of the committee also including different committee members (Strine, et al 2014). As per the existing relation between the principle and the recommendations it hs been estimated that a separate form of nomination committee is very much vital and efficient for effective mechanisms so that some amount of transparency would be brought up and the a certain form of independent judgment could be established over certain decisions regarding the efficient functioning of the board. Within this relationship it is noticed that recommendations over the flexibility of the various security holders should be considered. On perspective of the relevance of the principle 2 and the recommendations over the ASX corporate governance it is important provide certain level of importance on the materiality as well as interest position of the independent directors of a company. Conclusion The practices of corporate governance needs to be carefully handles and if it is not done the companies would experience high level of risks. The board of directors of the company might experience certain level of insulation in perspective of their shareholders who are related to the management of the organisation. This aspect of corporate governance is noticed to be present within the different types of public debates as well as developmental regulatory policies (Bainbridge, 2015). The activities of the board of directors are always examined through the power they have been provided with and is conferred with the outside authorities of the organisation. High level of contemporary interest over corporate governance is estimated to be linked with certain forms of mitigation in relation to the different types of conflicts that might take place within the internal environment of the organisation. In large business industries or corporations it is mainly noticed separation in ownership t ake place due to the corporate governance practices. References Atanassov, J. (2013). Do hostile takeovers stifle innovation? Evidence from antitakeover legislation and corporate patenting. The Journal of Finance, 68(3), 1097-1131. Bainbridge, S. (2015). Corporate Law. West Academic. Dowling, G. R. (2014). The curious case of corporate tax avoidance: Is it socially irresponsible?. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(1), 173-184. Esposito, R. T. (2012). Social Enterprise Revolution in Corporate law: A Primer on Emerging Corporate Entities in Europe and the United States and the Case for the Benefit Corporation, The. Wm. Mary Bus. L. Rev., 4, 639. Feld, K. (2013). Controlling the Prosecution of Bribery: Applying Corporate Law Principles to Define a Foreign Official in the foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Wash. L. Rev., 88, 245. Gevurtz, F. A. (2011). Using Comparative and Transitional Corporate Law to Teach Corporate Social Responsibility. Pac. McGeorge Global Bus. Dev. LJ, 24, 39. Gorga, ., Halberstam, M. (2014). Litigation Discovery and Corporate Governance: The Missing Story About the'Genius of American Corporate Law'. Yale Law Economics Research Paper, (501). Howson, N. C. (2013). 'Quack Corporate Governance'as Traditional Chinese MedicineThe Securities Regulation Cannibalization of China's Corporate Law and a State Regulator's Battle Against Party State Political Economic Power. Idowu, S. O. (2013). Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility. Berlin: Springer. Jacobs, J. J. B. (2011). " Patient Capital": Can Delaware Corporate Law Help Revive It?. Wash Lee L. Rev., 68, 1645-1973. Johnson, L. (2012). Pluralism in Corporate Form: Corporate Law and Benefit Corps. Regent UL Rev., 25, 269. Johnson, L. (2013). Unsettledness Delaware Corporate Law: Business Judgment Rule, Corporate Purpose. Del. J. Corp. L., 38, 405. Klausner, M. (2013). Fact and fiction in corporate law and governance. MacMillan, C. (2012). Corporate law: Impact of regulatory reforms on executive remuneration in Australia-AGMs in 2011. Keeping good companies, 64(2), 100. Milhaupt, C. J. (Ed.). (2012). Global markets, domestic institutions: Corporate law and governance in a new era of cross-border deals. Columbia University Press. Muchlinski, P. (2012). Implementing the new UN corporate human rights framework: Implications for corporate law, governance, and regulation. Business Ethics Quarterly, 22(01), 145-177. Phillips, D. J., Turco, C. J., Zuckerman, E. W. (2013). Betrayal as Market Barrier: Identity-Based Limits to Diversification among High-Status Corporate Law Firms1. American Journal of Sociology, 118(4), 1023-1054. Quinn, B. J. (2013). Arbitration and the Future of Delaware's Corporate Law Franchise. Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution, 14, 829. Strine Jr, L. E. (2014). Can we do better by ordinary investors? A pragmatic reaction to the dueling ideological mythologists of corporate law. Columbia Law Review, 449-502. Strine, L. E., Walter, N. (2014). Conservative Collision Course?: The Tension Between Conservative Corporate Law Theory and Citizens United. Harvard Law School John M. Olin Center Discussion Paper, (788). Yosifon, D. G. (2011). The public choice problem in corporate law: Corporate social responsibility after Citizens United. North Carolina Law Review, 89, 1197.

Scarlet Letter Ambiguity Essays - English-language Films

Scarlet Letter Ambiguity Ambiguity and The Scarlet Letter go better together than two people that have been happily married for 75 years. There is no exemption in Hawthorne's exquisite symbolism of one of his main characters, Pearl. The Scarlet Letter A, worn by Hester Prynne, was a punishment for the immoral sin of adultery she had committed. Following Hester's act of adultery, she became pregnant with a baby girl whom she named Pearl. From the first moment that we are introduced to Pearl in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel, The Scarlet Letter, we get the sense that there is something strange and unnatural about her. Pearl acts very differently than the other people in Boston in that she seems to be much more vibrant than the others. We see this displayed in various different forms like her dress, her mood swings, her sometimes mischievous behavior, and her constant liveliness. Throughout the novel, Pearl is used by Hawthorne to symbolize many different elements, and the ambiguity come together for one significant meaning. A critic of Hawthorne states, ?when depth and ambiguity are much admired in writing, Hawthorne has continued to offer enough complexity and mystery to hold a wide variety of readers.?(Davidson, 361) Pearl was not accepted by virtually anyone; her unavoidable seclusion was due to the sin of her mother. Pearl was always different somehow. Throughout all of this, Pearl is labeled with many symbols that are meaningful in understanding Hawthorne's novel, and they will be explained in the preceding paragraphs. For one, Pearl is the living embodiment of the scarlet letter. She is the result from Hester's and Dimmesdale's sins. Pearl plays one of the most crucial roles in The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne uses Pearl as a dynamic character; she is a constant reminder to Hester of her sin. When we were first introduced to Pearl, she was immediately drawn to the Scarlet A on Hester's bosom. ?But the first object of which Pearl seemed to become aware was the scarlet letter on Hester's bosom! One day, as her mother stooped over the cradle, the infant's eyes had been caught by the glimmering of the gold embroidery about the letter' and, putting up her little hand, she grasped at it, smiling not doubtfully, but with a decided gleam.? (Hawthorne, 88). Beginning when she was conceived, Pearl served as a reminder of the Scarlet A on her bosom. Hawthorne shows this symbolism various times. In Chapter 7, Pearl and Hester go to the Governor's house and Pearl's attire ?inevitably reminded the beholder of the token which Hester Prynne was doomed to wear upon her bosom. It was the scarlet letter in another form; the scarlet letter endowed with life!? (Hawthorne, 93). Pearl is dressed in a scarlet dress with gold fringe exactly resembling the Scarlet A on Hester's bosom. Pearl had a natural preference to focus on the Scarlet Letter, which is show in Chapter 15. Pearl took some eel-grass, and imitated, as best as she could, on her own bosom, the decoration with which she was so familiar on her mother's. A letter, the letter A, but freshly green, instead of scarlet!? (Hawthorne, 163). In this scene, Hester eventually has to deny its significance to Pearl after she constantly confronts her mother of its significance. One of the most symbolic scenes in the novel occurs in the forest as Pearl and Hester are traveling to meet Dimmesdale. Pearl remarks to Hester that ?the sunshine does not love you. It runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on your bosom.? (Hawthorne, 168). Sunshine, which can symbolize composed happiness or the approval of God and nature, rejects Hester because of her sin and the ?thing on her bosom?. Therefore, this confirms that Pearl constantly reminds her of her sin and her punishment. In one of the most dramatic scenes in the novel, Pearl prevents Hester from escaping her sin and shame. Pearl ?bursts into a fit of passion? and will not go to her mother until she puts the Scarlet A back on her bosom and places her hair back underneath her cap. In the one moment that Hester attempts to escape her sin, Pearl refuses to acknowledge her until she returns to the shameful mother that she has always known. Pearl is a child without guilt, with all a child's freshness and spontaneity, however to Hester is a persistent remembrance to the Scarlet A, which she must bare on her bosom. Pearl really was the Scarlet Letter, because if

Case Brief

Case Brief Brendan FulcherCase Brief 2Tor Wynn8 May 2013Case Brief 2This crime occurred on October 5, 1983. A man and his significant other (who occupy the same house) ate dinner together, and then met at a pool hall at separate times. The woman arrived first, when the man (also the defendant) arrived he saw his significant other talking to another man, he was angry because he thought that she was cheating on him. He states that the anger quickly subsided. He left the bar alone and walked home, 10 minutes later she arrived at their shared residence and told him that he had one week to find another place to live. He consented and went upstairs to change. She followed him and proceeded to attempt to choke him. He punched her in the face in order to force her to release him. She then told him that he needed to leave that night.Deutsch: Messerbnkechen (versilbert) mit Messer ...He said he was tired of her antics, but proceeded to get re dressed and follow her out of the room and in to the kitchen. When he entered the kitchen she swung a 9in long knife at him. He wrestled the knife out of her hands, he has stated that he could have left then, but she grabbed for the knife again, in the struggle the man states that she pulled the knife towards herself, when he pulled the knife away there was blood on the blade. She had stabbed herself in the struggle for the knife.The man was convicted of manslaughter; he argues that it was self-defense and that the jury was not properly instructed on the stand your ground ruling in self-defense. The jury says that since he had an opportunity to get away, that deadly force was not needed,

Advantages of Nuclear Power and Comparison with the Fossil Fuels Assignment

Advantages of Nuclear Power and Comparison with the Fossil Fuels - Assignment Example Fossils are the remains of the dead organisms buried in earth’s crust. When such bodies undergo changes like anaerobic decomposition through millions of years, the products formed are hydrocarbon compounds like coal, petroleum, natural gas. Such products are storehouses of chemical energy, which is released when they undergo combustion reactions. As such they are called as fossil fuels (Josepha Sherman, 2004). 3. Nature has borne the cost of production of fossil fuels and humans have to bear only the cost of extraction and processing it. As such fossil fuels are cheaper than the non-conventional forms of fuels like nuclear fuel. 4. The fossil fuel in solid form, coal, is the most widely used fuel in power generation as it is found abundantly in nature. Similarly the liquid and gas forms like petrol, natural gas are easily transportable through pipelines. The depleting reserves of fossil fuels and the monopoly of certain oil-producing countries in controlling its prices have compelled mankind to look for alternative sources of energy. A few of them are hydroelectric power, nuclear power, wind energy, solar energy, and geothermal power. Hereunder we will discuss two of them viz. hydroelectric power and nuclear power. It is the electricity obtained by water falling under gravity from higher to lower level. Huge generators  convert the potential energy of water stored in dams while falling down. The potential energy of the water stored in dams is converted into electrical energy. The water rotates the turbines placed in between. The rotating turbines, in turn, rotate the generators connected to it, producing electricity. Nuclear power is created by causing fission of unstable nuclei 235U. Such nuclei are bombarded by neutrons which cause the fission of such nuclei along with the release of a tremendous amount of heat energy and also neutrons. These liberated neutrons in turn cause fission of more nuclei and a chain reaction are set into motion producing more heat  energy.  

The United States Invasion of Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The United States Invasion of Iraq - Essay Example By mid-April, 2003, Hussein's army and the government had collapsed, and the allies were largely in control of the major Iraqi cities. The allies gradually turned their attention to the rebuilding of Iraq and the establishment of a new Iraqi government, but progress toward that end was hampered by lawlessness, especially in Baghdad, where U.S. forces had tolerated widespread looting initially. On May 1, President Bush declared victory in the war against Iraq. No weapons of mass destruction, however, were found, leading to charges that U.S. and British leaders had exaggerated the Iraqi biological and chemical threat in order to justify the war. From this fact it's possible to make a conclusion that weapons of mass destruction weren't the main reason for the war, but only a cause, "casus belli". I think that the root of the US invasion of Iraq in March 2003 is control over oil fields. The background of 2nd Gulf War (2003) comes from an armed conflict between Iraq and a coalition of 32 nations including the United States, Britain, Egypt, France, and Saudi Arabia called the 1st Persian Gulf War in 1991. It was a result of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990; Iraq then annexed Kuwait, which it had long claimed. Iraqi president Saddam Hussein declared that the invasion was a response to overproduction of oil in Kuwait, which had cost Iraq an estimated $14 billion a year when oil prices fell. Hussein also accused Kuwait of illegally pumping oil from Iraq's Rumaila oil field. During August 1990 Iraq was sending more and more troops streaming into Kuwait, by August 6 there were nearly eleven combat divisions. Intelligence analysts at the time understood that Iraq had enough troops in the area to roll over Saudi Arabia nearly as easily as they had done to Kuwait. King Fahd of Saudi Arabia recognized his situation as dire and immediately requested aid from his most powerful friend and ally, the United States. President Bush promptly ordered the deployment of U.S. ground and air forces to Saudi territory. U.S. Navy ships were also deployed to the region. So began the operation to defend Saudi Arabia that would be called "Desert Storm".   The UN Security Council called for Iraq to withdraw and subsequently embargoed most trade with Iraq. On August 7, U.S. troops moved into Saudi Arabia to protect Saudi oil fields. On November 29, the United Nations set January 15, 1991, as the deadline for a peaceful withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. When Saddam Hussein refused to comply, Operation "Desert Storm" was launched on January 18, 1991, under the leadership of U.S. Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf. The U.S.-led coalition began a massive air war to destroy Iraq's forces and military and civil infrastructure. Iraq called for terrorist attacks against the coalition and launched Scud missiles at Israel (in an unsuccessful attempt to widen the war and break up the coalition) and at Saudi Arabia. The main coalition forces invaded Kuwait and S Iraq on February 24 and, over the next four days, encircled and defeated the Iraqis and liberated Kuwait. When U.S. President George H. W. Bush declared a cease-fire on February 28, most of the Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled.

The Dangers Of Cyber Bullying

The Dangers Of Cyber Bullying Todays children and young people have grown up in a world that is very different from that of most adults. As mobile phones and internet use become increasingly common, so has the misuse of technology. Many young people experience the internet and mobile phones as a positive, productive and creative part of their activities and development of their identities; information communication technologies support social activity that allows young people to feel connected to their peers. This research will explore the various ways that cyber bullying has become prominent in todays youth. Bullying does not only prevail in schools now, but also in the Internet. Todays technology and internet play a major role in cyber bullying. Every day of our lives we are exposed to the benefits of technology; innovations such as mobile phones enable us to communicate, and collaborate more effectively than before. However, in the possession of those who wish to inflict harm upon others, these inventions can be leveraged for nefarious purposes. One severely dangerous and unfortunately obscure application of technology is cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is when a child or teen is threatened, humiliated, or harassed by another child or teen using the internet, mobile phones, or any other digital technology. Cyber bullying involves the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, intended to harm (Belsley). Cyber bullying has been used to augment bullying that is occurring in school. The major differences between cyber bullying and traditional bullying are that the bully does not have to see the victims reaction to the harassment, the victim can remain anonymous, the harassment can occur at anytime, and the audience has the potential to be worldwide. Parents are not currently familiar with cyber bullying, but this aspect of cyber bullying will change with time. Many of the strategies that were successful with traditional bullying could be applied to cyber bullying. If adults become involved in this kind of behavior, it is called adult cyber-harassment (YoungWomensHealth). This is a far cry from the bullying behavior from days gone by. I interviewed people from two different generations. Carrie was in high school in the late 1940s. Alana: Was your school setting similar to that of today? Carrie: No, we were all taught in a one room schoolhouse. Grades one to seven learned lessons together. Alana: Was there any bullying going on back then? Carrie: No. Just chiding or what some folks call doing the dozens. Children were accustomed to behaving. They cared about what their parents thought. They never wanted to embarrass their parents. It was respectful almost all of the time. Alana: Did any child kill themselves over being picked on? Carrie: No. Never. Alana: Thank you for your input. Aishah was in high school in the 1980s. Alana: How were children bullied when you were in school, and was there a lot of it? Aishah: Oh yeah. There was bullying back in those school days. It wasnt viscious like it is today, though. Alana: What did children do or say? Aishah: They would write ugly messages on bathroom stalls and student desks or pass ugly notes in class. Alana: Did anyone fight over rumors and name-calling? Aishah: They fought and were friends the next day. Alana: You all used computers. Who was bullied by computer? Aishah: Please, not too many people had a home computer. They were kind of expensive back then, and we played Space Invaders and one other game on them. Thats it. Alana: Did teens and pre-teens have cell phones or other electronic communication devices at that time. Aishah: Oh absolutely not. Those were very expensive back then, as were the charges. Only doctors, lawyers and drug dealers carried cell phones and pagers. Alana: Does it seems as though all of the new electronic forms of communication have contributed to cyber bullying. Aishah: I do. 100 percent! Numerous physical and mental ailments can ensue from online harassment in youth and adults all over the world. Whereas traditional bullying is confined usually within school boundaries, cyber-bullying can take place at any time or place, even in the privacy of ones home. Therefore, students who are electronically engaged can be cyber bullied at any time. Options for escape are extremely limited, with the principal options being either to cease using the Internet or ignore the harasser. Preliminary research by Willard suggests cyber-bullying may produce even more damage to youth, with such consequences ranging from low self-esteem, anxiety, anger, depression, school absenteeism, poor grades, an increased tendency to violate against others, to youth suicide (Willard). Examples of cyber bullying are sending threatening or offensive e-mails, instant messages, or cell phone text messages directly to the victim (WiredKids). Some cyber bullies berate their intended victims by sending mass e-mails, or text messages, to a large group of their peers to humiliate them. The appeal of using instant messaging, email or other communication platforms for bullies is the advantage of covert humiliation. Users can hide behind their IP address, which is little accountability for their actions, and the probability of the abuse being traced to an individual culprit being slim to none. Temporary email accounts and pseudonyms in chat rooms, instant messaging programs, and other Internet venues can make it very difficult for individuals to determine the identity of aggressors. The nature of much of this of this cruelty also prevents blame from being duly laid. The phenomena deals more with the ability to reach such a wide audience and humiliate, threaten, or virtually destroy the reputation of another with a single click of a mouse or the send button on a mobile phone. Although rumors spread fast with word of mouth, they are not able to reach as many people in such a short period of time as they would with text messaging. It is very difficult to defend oneself from cyber bullying when the audience is vast, and the perpetrator is often anonymous. Those who bully others seek to establish power and control over others that they perceive to be weaker than them (Belsley). The motivation of bullies is sometimes due to a lack of confidence and a desire for control. Bullying on the computer is quite cowardly, because the perpetrator wont confront their victim in person. The lack of face-to-face interaction in cyber bullying, reduces empathy in bullies and the fear of getting caught. Cyber bullying is strange thing. Although there is no physical violence, cyber bullying can be more frightening to the targets because there are, potentially, an unlimited number of witnesses. When bullying is anonymous, targets are unaware of whom to watch out for or respond to attacks; which can lead to feelings of helplessness. Over half of teenagers who are targeted by cyber bullies never actually report it. Cyber bullying often occurs away from adults. Therefore, witnesses or bystanders to cyber bullying have a very important role to play when it comes to putting an end to it. They represent social consensus and in this capacity, have an important role to play in stopping or supporting cyber bullying (BeWebAware). The latest technologies used by cyber bullies are camera phones, built-in digital cameras into the phones, add new dimensions to the problem. Cyber bullies use them to take pictures of a victim in the restroom or locker rooms and post them on the web or send them to others through e-mail or picture messaging on a cell phone. Violent fights at schools are captured by students on their mobile phones and then sent to others or posted on websites like YouTube, MySpace, or Face book for others to view and comment on, causing harm to the victims. Now school administrators and teachers are being asked to oversee students in cyberspace, which anyone can access just about anywhere, anytime, day or night (Franek). If the offending media is a video file of a schoolgirl in a compromising situation that is being shared from phone to phone, is everyone who has a copy of the file worthy of punishment? It is these issues, and many more that have prompted a timely increase in the awareness of cyber b ullying. On social networking sites, they allow you to tag the names of people who appear in a photo. This simple act can lead to cyber bullying, as these photos will appear in any search engine under the persons name, allowing the victims to be exposed. Children and teens write messages for all of their friends to see in blogs. However, kids sometimes use these blogs to damage one anothers reputations or invade their privacy (WiredKids). Sometimes teens set up fake profile pages, impersonating others, degrading them and saying things designed to harm and humiliate them. MySpace is the number one social networking site for high school age students and younger. Most kids use MySpace to set up profiles and share information about themselves, their favorite music, Hollywood stars and other interests with kids in their school or neighborhood. For most, MySpace represents a fun form of self-expression that utilizes the latest online technology. However it is executed, cyber bullying on MySpace remains a significant problem. While many chalk it up to kids being kids, more and more are starting to realize that a nasty post on someones MySpace page is as bad or worse that a taunt yelled across the schoolyard. Facebook is similar to MySpace except that it is geared towards a slightly older audience, the music and customization functionality is a lot less robust than found on MySpace, but is still being used by cyber bullies to harass their classmates and ex-friends. The rules of engagement are similar to those found in MySpace. People will either use their own profile to harass others, or create fake identities and build profiles to harass other people or dupe them into thinking another person is interested in them, romantically or as a friend. When on Facebook, sometimes you get requests from people you dont know through your friends. Many teens want to seem popular so they accept the unknown people, to expand their friends to try and get as many as possible. When a friend doesnt like something youve said or done, they can bad mouth you to the people that are on your friends list. One of the fastest growing social media enterprises, Twitter, allows people to follow one another by posting regular updates about their activities. Twitter is seeing a growing number of cyber bullying incidents as more and more kids figure out how to post hateful, harassing information about their friends and deliver it via Tweet to as many followers of the site as they can. In the most extreme cases of cyber bullying, many kids are going to the trouble of building entire websites from scratch in order to use them to humiliate another individual. A common method for doing this is to buy a URL from godaddy.com that humiliates the target such as: www.ambersisugly.com, then fill it with unkind postings and photos. Photoshopping a person into uncompromising positions is a highly used form of cyber bullying, then spreading word about the site to others via email, social networking, etc. Many kids today are playing interactive games on gaming devices such as X-Box Live and Sony Play Station 2 Network. Multiplayer online games and virtual worlds can be venues for harassment and cyber bullying. These gaming devices allows teens to communicate by chat and live Internet phone with anyone they find themselves matched with in an online game. Sometimes the kids verbally abuse the other kids, using threats and crude language. Sometimes they take it further, by locking them out of games, passing false rumors about them or hacking into their accounts (Willard). Yet, interactive gaming is what kids and teens enjoy the most. And what used to be a solitary and isolating activity is now a community and social activity. As entertaining as interactive gaming is, parents should be aware that their children can speak, using their own voice, with strangers online. Xbox comes with built-in parental controls, which prevent the child from using voice chat until the parent feels they are able to handle it safely. They need to be aware that networked gaming devices offer voice chat (WiredKids). They also need to understand that many other interactive voiced games can be accessed online using an ordinary headset. Some teens who get involved in cyber bullying dont realize the impact or consequence of what they say online or in a text message. They may feel that saying something online or via a text message is not as bad as if they said it in person. The bully then sits back and gains gratification from seeing others engage in destructive behavior towards each other (Field). It may even start out as a joke. Others use cyber bullying because they dont have the courage to say something face to face. Either way you look at it, cyber bullying is wrong because the remarks are usually untrue, very hurtful and can be damaging to the victim. If educators and administrators could create and use blogs to educate students about cyber-bullying in language that students can understand and to which they can relate, it may be a more appropriate medium for implementing guidelines as opposed to the more traditional and older-fashioned approaches. Web blogs represent a new medium for computer-mediated communication that may offer discernment into the ways of young peoples self-expression and relationships in peer groups. Schools need to educate students and parents about cyber bullying. They need to inform parents and students of acceptable computer use policies in writing at the beginning of the school year and strictly reinforce these policies throughout the school year. It is recommended that there be a clause in the policy allowing school officials to discipline students for violating the acceptable use policies when not using school computers under certain circumstances (COPS). The policies should be posted visibly in areas where computers will be used by students. A penalty for students violating any acceptable policy should be suspension of their computer privileges. All children and teens have a way of showing their emotions or signs that something is wrong. Parents and teachers sometimes mistake these signs as normal behavior. It is not until this behavior gets out of hand or creates problems, that someone grows concerned and begins to ask questions. Signs that a child is being cyber bullied can vary. A few things to look for are: signs of emotional distress during or after using the internet, withdrawal from friends and activities, avoidance of school or group gatherings, slipping grades and acting out in anger at home, or changes in mood, behavior, sleep, or appetite (KidsHealth). Children who are victims of cyber bullying normally do not tell anyone, because they feel afraid or are embarrassed. There have been many high profile and tragic incidents in the media in recent years which have linked adolescent suicides to experiences with cyber bullying. The connection between suicide and interpersonal aggression is certainly nothing new, as a number of studies have documented the association between bullying and suicide. Those who experience bullying, and those who bully, report higher levels of suicidal ideation and are more likely to have attempted suicide. Some people who end their lives or attempt suicide might be trying to escape feelings of rejection, hurt, or loss. Others might be angry, ashamed, or guilty about something. Some people may be worried about disappointing friends or family members. And some may feel unwanted, unloved, victimized, or like theyre a burden to others (KidsHealth). The following is an account of real-life examples. Thirteen-year-old Megan Meier of Dardenne Prairie, Missouri was, by all accounts, a sweet, loving young lady. Megans parents vigilantly monitored Megans Internet use, going so far as refusing to give Megan access to her own MySpace account unless one of them was there to input the secret password. Shortly before her fourteenth birthday, a cute boy name Josh sent Megan an electronic request to be added as a friend to her MySpace account. For the next six weeks, Megan and Josh exchanged on-line correspondence and Megan began to have a rosier outlook on life as there was now a cute boy who thought she was pretty; Megan had suffered for years with weight issues and depression. Suddenly, and inexplicably, Megan received a message from Josh ending their on-line relationship because he had heard that she was not nice to her friends. Josh had also shared some of the private content of their prior conversations with other classmates on MySpac e which led those classmates to launch an online attack against her, calling her vicious names. Later that evening, Megans mother found her hanging by a belt in her bedroom closet; she died the next day. Sadly, Megans story gets much worse. Weeks later it would be revealed that Josh was an imaginary persona, allegedly created by the mother of one of Megans former friends. The mother, the former friend, an eighteen-year-old employee of the mother, and several other of Megans classmates all took turns pretending to be Josh, writing messages and causing Megan to reveal personal and private information to an audience that she believed was a cute boy that liked her (Pokin). Eerily similar, is the story of thirteen-year-old Ryan Halligan of Essex Junction, Vermont. Ryan had struggled during his early years in school and had self-esteem issues as a result. Beginning in the fifth grade, he was bullied by another boy in school. The bullying persisted until seventh grade when Ryan was able to fend for himself during a physical altercation with the bully. After that, Ryan and the bully became friends and Ryan revealed potentially embarrassing confidences to the boy. The boy then revealed these stories to classmates via the Internet, starting rumors about Ryans sexual orientation. Later that summer, Ryan began chatting on-line with one of the most popular girls in school. Like Megan Meier, he felt comfortable enough with the girl to discuss topics that he would not necessarily want others to know about. When the school year began, Ryan approached the girl only to be rejected in front of her friends. She informed Ryan that the on-line relationship had been a joke, and that she had shared the contents of their chats with her friends. Unable to deal with the humiliation, Ryan committed suicide (Halligan). These are extremes but far from unique examples of devastation wrought by cyber bullying. Since Halligan and Meierss death, more and more children are logging onto the internet, so its likely that online bullying, including sending threatening messages, displaying private messages and posting embarrassing video and photos online, is also increasing. There are no laws that specifically address cyber bullying. Cyber bullying offences can fall under other laws depending on the state. Victims of cyber bullying should not respond to the cyber bully, as the situation can escalate into serious incidents offline. Keeping electronic and printed evidence to document incidents and reporting serious incidents to law enforcement officials is recommended. What can you do to protect yourself and your family from the consequences of cyber bullying? First, get involved with your childs online activities. Require that all passwords be divulged to you, and make it a policy to audit regularly. If your child has an online web page, such as those on MySpace, visit it often to see what he or she is posting. This includes both the parents of the bullies and the victims. Next, there needs to be frank talk to other parents about what is going on in your childs online life. You would be surprised how much other parents could tell you about your own child. Finally, if your child is bullying someone, make sure he knows the potential educational, criminal or financial consequences of such behavior. If you discover that your child is a victim of bullying, consider having her see a counselor to ensure that there are no issues that would cause her to crack under the pressure. Although most kids are able to live through the ordeal, there are some kids such as Megan and Ryan who may have underlying issues that need to be addressed (Curier). Finally, if your child is being ridiculed for an issue that could be easily improved with the proper attention, parents should not delay in getting help for the youngster. This issue is not going away, and begs for much more attention and a host of solutions to cease what is definitely one of the most troubling trends of our times.

Blacks and Latinos in America Essay -- American History Culture Ethnic

Blacks and Latinos in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through our readings of the Mexicans in the U.S. and the African-American experience modules, we begin to understand the formation of identity through the hardships minorities faced from discrimination. In this paper, I am going to compare and contrast the ideas of identity shown through the readings. These two modules exemplify the theme of identity. We see how Blacks and Latinos tried to find their identity both personally and as a culture through the forced lifestyles they had to live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identity is one of the main questions throughout all of our readings, because it is hard for people to accept who they are in society. Accepting their identity as a minority with little if any freedoms sparks many of the social problems which I will show happening in all communities and cultures. The main issue we will discuss is how social environments effect the search for identity. The Mexicans in the U.S. module gives us examples how Mexicans try to keep their customs while living in a discriminated environment by the Whites. This module also gives us examples how people are searching for personal identity while struggling with cultural traditions. Finally, the African-American module gives us more examples to compare with the Mexicans in the U.S. module, because these readings deal with Blacks finding personal identity also through discrimination from the Whites. To properly understand the theme of identity, we must first look the factors influencing it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first influence we see in both modules is discrimination. The Whites as a whole did not give any acceptance towards both cultures. There were several barriers keeping the Blacks and Mexicans from breaking the lines between them and the Whites. First, the Whites saw both groups of people as minorities. They felt both subcultures were unequal from the beginning, therefore holding discriminating beliefs about the cultures from which both groups came from. Also, the Whites were very angry with these groups, who were trying to share the same freedoms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, both the Blacks and Mexicans lived through their cultures and traditions from ancestors. It was very hard for either group to compete with the Whites' economy and lifestyles while keeping their beliefs strong. Now that we have an understanding of the influences on both groups' identity struggles, we w... ...d upon them as the Mexicans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Malcolm is told by his 8th grade teacher to think realistically about career goals. He is told to drop his ideas of becoming a lawyer, and look into the field of carpentry, which was a stereotypical Black job. Blacks were being discriminated against in all aspects of their lives. Even as maturing students, they were told what to do with their lives, simply because Whites did not believe Blacks should hold the same freedoms. In the movie, Eye on the Prize, we see how Blacks tried to keep their cultural values while living in the "White mans world." Like the Mexicans, Blacks had a societal identity, yet they faced many hardships in trying to find their personal identity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we have seen, the role of identity is a key issue in our history. The discrimination and stereotypes pressed upon the Blacks and Mexicans changed their ideas of personal and social identity. The factors that influence identity also made the understanding of this idea hard for both groups. The role that identity played in both groups was a key concept for them to understand in creating their new individuality in the "White America."

City environment by non-visual senses

Introduction:It is known to all, the ocular feeling of metropolis environment is intuitively the most direct and powerful centripetal experience for citizens with good sight. It is beyond uncertainties that visual sense plays a dominant function among all the senses. Ocular sense provides more information for people when they situate in a new topographic point, particularly the orientation in infinite. Porteous ( 1996, p. 3 ) one time mentioned, vision is active and intensive: ‘we expression ; odors and sounds come to us. ‘ The prejudice of ocular sense can besides be easy found in the most of the building procedure – Architects nowadays focus more on ocular environment. Although vision is the really of import sense, the urban environment is non merely perceived by eyes. The changing of the information we receive from eyes is merely the really initial measure of the centripetal experience. The developing and underexploited non-visual senses besides contribute vastl y to the profusion of the perceptual experience and knowledge. In this research, the research worker will analyze what roles do non-visual senses play in urban infinites and how/what will people comprehend a topographic point without sight. In peculiar, the research will concentrate on the different maps of each sense and how to the usage them ( e.g. sound, touch, odor, gustatory sensation ) to do a public infinite work successfully and alone. The end of this survey is to polish our current apprehension of feeling a topographic point and to supply an intensive reading of non-visual senses which has been ignored by most of interior decorators and users. From a long-run position, the consequences of this research can besides cast some new visible radiation in making a public infinite which is combined both the ocular and non-visual senses and offers more centripetal experiences to people.Background.Constricted, we understand and interpret the metropolis through the proficient instead than the sensory, yet it is the sensory from which we build experiencing and emotion and through which our personal psychological landscapes are built. These in bend determine how good or severely a topographic point works – even economically, allow entirely socially or culturally – and how it feels to its dwellers and visitants. ( Landry 2006 p40 ) If our apprehension is limited to a ocular apprehension, we merely concentrate on forms. If, nevertheless, we go beyond visual aspects, we start a spacial apprehension, a three dimensional experience. We can come in this infinite, instead than merely see it. The same applies to the design of infinites. We do non make mere visual aspects but infinites that we can utilize for different intents. ( Madanipour 1996 p99 ) As the citations at the beginning of this chapter high spot, citizens are affected intensively by the infinites and topographic points – non merely the organic structure, but besides the heads and senses every bit good. Since the early 1960s, the knowledge of environmental perceptual experience has developed. Along with the increasing surveies being conducted, there now generates a critical organic structure on people ‘s perceptual experience of their urban milieus. The construct of mental ‘maps ‘ and images of metropoliss are the nucleus surveies for sense of topographic point in the field. More significantly, the publication of Kevin Lynch ‘s The Image of the City ( 1960 ) is the important work in the field of urban imagination. Furthermore, harmonizing to the reactions of human sensory system, the four most valuable senses in feeling the environment are vision, hearing, touch and odor. The research and articles around the subject ‘sense of topo graphic point ‘ were so flourished. It is widely considered that most public infinites is a ocular 1, as Fran & A ; ccedil ; ois Molnar ( 1997 ) points out, ‘visual system is sensitive to spacial frequences, of which some seem privileged. ‘ and ‘responds straight to each of a figure of different spacial frequences ‘ ( p.227 ) However, it has been argued that the experience of public infinites besides affect the senses in other ways. In the foreword of the October 1991 issue of The Architectural Review, the editor provinces: ‘we appreciate a topographic point non merely by its impact on our ocular cerebral mantle but by the manner in which it sounds, it feels and odors. ‘ ( p.5 ) The geographic expeditions of the relationship between each different sense and how they relate with infinite are besides good developed. For case, Lang ( 1994 ) points out that an environment ‘s ‘soundscape ‘ ‘can be orchestrated in much the same manner as its ocular qualities by the pick of stuffs used for the surfaces of the environment and the nature of objects within it. ‘ ( p.33 ) Furthermore, another designer, Juhani Pallasmaa examined the representation of touch in his book The Eyes of the Skin ( 2005 ) ; he claimed that ‘Vision reveals what touch already knows. We could beli eve of the sense of touch as the unconscious of vision. ‘ It is true that designers and research workers have already noticed the importance portion that both the ocular and non-visual senses play in urban infinite. Therefore, based on the old surveies and statements, this research will turn out the maps of non-visual senses harmonizing to a series of methods and the consequences of the research will be utile in later relevant design undertaking.Theoretical model.Although some recent surveies enriched the literature of centripetal design, there is still however an ignorance of non-visual senses for bulk of people. Furthermore, it is common to detect that non-visual senses are underplayed and developing in pattern. Although non-visual senses contribute to a profusion of comprehending a topographic point, it seems that the cardinal maps of non-visual senses are wholly forgotten by most of interior decorators. For this ground, the creative activity of some public infinites presen ts is deficiency of assorted or exciting experience for users. To turn to this ignorance in planing, this research is conducted to specifically research what roles do non-visual senses play in urban infinites and how people perceive a topographic point without sight. These are two core research inquiries of this proposed research, the research is conducted through two stairss – the observations and interviews of blind people and blindfolded experiments in sighted people. Sing the inquiry which mentioned at the beginning of the proposal that why non-visual senses are easy ignored by most of people? Although the experience of a infinite is composed of the information from every sense, as Landry ( 2006 ) mentioned ‘sight are better articulated, because in general we have a rich vocabulary about physical visual aspect ‘ ( p50 ) and most of users, include interior decorators for public infinite are the people with good eye-sight. Therefore, in order to reply the inquiries of what sort of information of the milieus will users receive via non-visual senses and what will the infinite nowadays without the sense of sight, unsighted people is chosen as the sample to analyze, as they correspond with the research conditions – they can merely read the milieus by sound, touch, odor and even gustatory sensation. The 2nd portion of the research is to blindfold sighted individuals and inquire them to walk through the metropolis. During this procedure, they simulate the behavior of blind participants and perceive the milieus from the unsighted people ‘s position. Catherine Thinus-blanc & A ; Florence Gannet ( 1997 ) claims in their research paper Representations of Space in Blind Persons, the grounds that other centripetal modes besides contribute to spacial experience is ‘when sighted participants are blindfolded and asked to execute spacial undertaking with non-visual-relevant information, which they accomplish without trouble ‘ this is why the research worker choose this attack to make the experiment. It will non merely re-prove the consequences from first measure that how other senses conveying the characteristic of metropolis environment, but besides give a direct and strong comparing between ocular and non-visual senses to the sighted participants. And the comparing betw een these two sorts of sense will be clearly suggested once the information was collected.Methodology.The research adopts a qualitative methodological analysis in order to lend the profusion of the literature of the field. It is really of import to indicate out that any specific method or technique is selected after serious consideration on what is theoretically desirable and what is practically and ethically possible. Finally the research selected observation and qualitative semi-structured interviews which are identified as the most suited techniques for the research harmonizing to the specific research aims and context to research the map and position of each non-visual sense, like sound, touch, odor and gustatory sensation. The remainder of this subdivision describes the inside informations of the conductivity of this research.Individual observation and interviewsAs mentioned above, the first portion of the research is to detect blind people ‘s behavior. The sample is cons isted of 10 single participants. Sing the ethical issues, all the participants will be informed before observation and interview conductivity that the information obtained in the research would maintain confidentially. Those participants will be observed two hours per twenty-four hours for their behavior in the day-to-day life and the observation of the spacial public presentations of blind people will be undertaken in topographic points where participants carry out their day-to-day activities, like eating houses, street, or cafe store. In order to research in deepness, some of participants ( about non more than five ) are chosen as the sources to carry on the interview. Semi-structured interview technique was besides employed with the consideration of the aim of the research, which is conducted in random clip after observation finished and arranged between 30 proceedingss to one hr long. The chief purpose of the interview is to complement the losing portion of observation and to re -prove the statements from the relevant paperss and surveies. Therefore, it will get down with wide inquiries and follow up harmonizing to participant ‘s replies. Participants are encouraged to speak freely during the whole procedure. The qualitative semi-structured interview inquiries are listed below:When you walking through the public infinite, which portion will you notice at the beginning? Which sense ( touch, sound, odor, and gustatory sensation ) will assist you to comprehend it?Is there an imagination map in your head when you walking through the metropolis?( If yes, inquire the participant to depict by and large how it forms )Which sense offers more information and aid you more to comprehend metropolis environment when you walking through the metropolis?Have you got the knowledge of colorss?( If yes, inquire the participant to ( a ) stipulate what colors are, ( B ) describe what the color expression like in his head, and ( degree Celsius ) how this knowledge signifier s by non-visual senses. )Which sense will assist you to find the waies and how can you find it?Have you got an apprehension of different distance? How can you understand it?Are there any attacks for you to state the differences from different sorts of infinite?Have you of all time traveled to another metropolis?( If yes, inquire the participant to depict the metropolis feeling in his head and stipulate how he feels that by non-visual senses. ) Due to the length of interviews, each interview was recorded to enable subsequent analysis of informations and word for word citations and permit the research worker to to the full concentrate on the conversation and non distracted by efforts to take notes. The common points of each participant should be summed up after analyzing. The research worker will compare the consequences with the statement from old surveies and polish how non-visual senses contribute when comprehending a public infinite.Blindfolded experimentsThe sum of the participants is around 20 or more sighted people. Experiments will take topographic point in the metropolis Centre of Nottingham. Participants will divided into little groups with maximal three people, a blindfolded one, a usher and a recording equipment, for the intent of convenience and effectual. A path map will besides be determined before get downing – from Old Market Square to Victoria Centre. The experiment starts in forepart of the City Cou ncil. The participant will walk across the cardinal of Old Market Square in darkness merely by following the voice instructions from the usher. When arrives the H2O pool located in the West of the square, the participant demand turn right and walk along the south side of the square. Then, after walking through the busy paving and traversing the traffic route, they will get at Victoria Centre. The concluding measure is to walk into the edifice and see the inside of it from non-visual facets. As is can be seen from the descriptions, the path of the experiment includes assorted alterations of the milieus – from level land to inclined surface, from exterior to interior and from the unfastened infinite to linear infinite as good. Therefore, every bantam alteration that represent on the participant should be recorded carefully. More significantly, after the blind journey, the blindfolded 1s will be asked to retrace the path with sight and the retraced path will besides be drawn dow n in order to contrast to the former 1. Furthermore, they will besides be required to show their perceptual experiences of milieus by drawings – abstract drawings about spacial feelings when they are unsighted. Each member in the group will make the experiment in bend. More participants can be chosen indiscriminately from the Old Market Square. The intent of the experiment is to hold a comparing between ocular and non-visual senses and happen out the chief characters of non-visual senses when vision is non the dominant 1. Interview them after or during the experiment about their feelings. Similar with the old one, it will get down with wide inquiries and follow up harmonizing to participant ‘s replies. The list of inquiry for interviews is stated as followers.Is the infinite represents every bit same as before when you blindfolded? Can you stipulate the differences?Can you depict your feelings now? Are at that place any alterations in the encircled infinite?( Ask these inquiries when participant is closer to the H2O pool which is located in the West of Old Market Square. )Can you detect the alteration of the ground/change of the air current way?How does the infinite represent now? Which sense aid you feel like that?( Ask these inquiries on the manner to Victoria Centre. e.g. walking through the pavement/crossroad. )Ma ke the spacial feelings alteration when you enter the Victoria Centre?( Ask this inquiry when come ining the Victoria Centre and if yes, inquire the participant to stipulate the differences. )What is the difference between exterior and interior infinite?When experiments have been done, the characters of non-visual senses will be summed up harmonizing to the experiment and interview records. The research worker will research the functions that non-visual senses play in showing the metropolis environment and set about a situational analysis on the abstract drawings and compare the retrace path with the old one.Experiment illustration.The followers is the record of a blindfolded experiment conducted by the research worker and her group members. It follows the stairss that described antecedently in the proposal. The experiment lasted about one and half hr and took topographic point in metropolis Centre of Nottingham on 19th October 2009. The followers are some infusions of the reply to the interviews: â€Å" †¦ After my eyes covered by my scarf, I can non see anything in forepart of me. Everything seems to be unknown and unsafe. The old familiar environing now turns into a universe which is like a cryptic black hole†¦ â€Å" â€Å" †¦ at the clip I lost my sight, the non-visual senses become stronger and more sensitive than usual, particularly hearing and touch†¦ I received bantam alterations from environing more easy and rapidly. Furthermore, I found that I can comprehend the environment in determining the infinite by voices around me†¦ † â€Å" †¦ while I was walking through the street, the next infinite seems to be composed of legion faces and lines. I have to state this is the really interesting and originative portion of the experiment†¦ â€Å" â€Å" †¦ interestingly, at the clip I entered the Victoria Centre, the character of the voice changed evidently. This helps me to cognize that I have already entered the inside of the edifice†¦ it seems like we are now in a immense glass box. Voice no longer stand for on planes, but comes from every way in three dimensions†¦ † These are some abstract drawings that drawn by the participants after the experiment. The participant is required to utilize simple phrases or sentences to explicate the abstract drawings.Mentions:Malnar, J.M. ; Vodvarka, F. ( 2004 ) . Centripetal Design, University of Minnesota Press.Henry, S. ( 2008 ) . Convivial Urban Spaces: Making Effective Public Places, Earthscan Publications Ltd. Press.Pallasmaa, J. ( 2005 ) . The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses, Academy Press.Carmona, M. ; Heath, T. ; Oc, T. ; Tiesdell S. ( 2003 ) . Public Places-Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design, Oxford: Architectural Press.Kevin, L. ( 1960 ) . The Image of the City, The MIT Press.Catherine, T. B. ; Florence, G. ( 1997 ) . Representation of Space in Blind Persons: Vision as a Spatial Sense ; Psychological Bulletin, ( 1997 ) . Vol. 121, No. 1 20-42, American Psychological Association Press.